Sociological perspective Essay Example for Free

Sociological perspective EssayMarxism, Functionalism and Feminism be sociological theories alongside several(prenominal) others, they are fundamental to the whole discipline of sociology.Functionalism is a structural theory they argue that society is do up of interrelated and interdependent institutions such(prenominal) as education, recreate, religion, law, the family etc. The main function of these institutions is to maintain well-disposed equilibrium.They see society similar to a human body with all the internal parts running(a)(a)(a) together to bring out equilibrium. Functionalists see individual action as the product of social institutions such as the family and education socializing the young into cultural scotch values and norms, this means people believe in a lot the kindred thing and consequently their actions and patterns are predictable. Durkheim believed the very core of society is it values which are passed on and reinforced by family, school religion etc. Individuals behave similarly in the same social context because they have been socialized into the same cultural rules and goals. However Functionalist see institutions such as education and work organizations allocating people to roles in which they would make an effective contribution to the day to day outpouring of society, they believe there is a screen system and people gain their job, money etc through their profess merit. therefore functionalists believe human action is shaped and controlled by social forces such as value consensus and the need to maintain social order, beyond the individuals control , they results on this conformity is social stability and the facts of life of society generation by generation.However it is argued that functionalists over emphasis consensus and order, and play d testify conflict. They tend to localize on functions or benefits of social institutions and consequently neglect the dysfunctions or harm that institutions can cause.Marxism is a macro instruction approach based on a conflict between capital and wage labour. Society splits into an cornerstone (economic base) andsuperstructure (social institutions). Ideology (distorted beliefs) is transmitted through the superstructure to justify inequalities.Marx focused on the inequalities of capitalism. In capitalist society, the bourgeoisie own the means of production (own large amounts of capital and therefore have forefinger), whereas the project sell their labour power for a wage. This is where the conflict rests. The system dictates that the ruling family unit generates more profit (achieved by decreasing wages). Overtime, the descent of conditions, exploitation and lowering of wages results in a situation where the working class become alert of their class position and unite in a state of revolutionary consciousness. Revolution is, therefore, inevitable.Gramsci argues that middle class maintain dominance by using the government to persuade people, and over ly by propagating ideologies ( continuously cater ideas so dey grow strength through things manage media, churches, schools and family in order to win peoples consent. For the middle class to be ideologically plethoric these ideologies need to be tied in to the popular culture of working class.The extent to which such hegemony is achieved varies over time but its unlikely 2 ever be complete. There are twain reasons for dis. firstly middle class are often divided and secondly the proletariat as a dual consciousness. One part which reflects the ideas of the middle class and the other which reflects their everyday experiences. He believes the proletariat to make alliances with other groups for Marxists to win the hearts and minds of subordinate classes by connecting Marxist ideas to popular culture. Hes rose-colored that the struggle for hegemony. People will eventually be persuaded of the need for a revolution.For capital of Kentucky school theirs two main characteristics which d istinguish humans from animals- the ability to transform the environment and the ability to make a intellectual decision about our lives. Capitalists societies dont allow humans to exercise their creativity and reason and thus warrant criticisms 4 being unfair n unreasonable. He agrees with Gramisci that attention needs tobe paid to ideologies which are incorporate people into capitalists system. Two developments are highlighted as crucial here- the growth on instrumental reasons whichs seen as the dominant panache of thinking in a capitalist society and the development of deal culture. Peoples acceptance of instrumental reasons is explained by Frankfurt school in terms of developments of mass culture. It reached the mass of population through mediaThe Frankfurt school comes to a negative conclusion- people are dominated not only at work but also in their leisure. The over riding picture is of society as a mass of isolated individuals who are manipulated by big business. Their seems to be no way out.It has been argued that Marxists put too much emphasis on conflict. Capitalism has improved the standard of living working class. It may be that the working class are aware of inequality and exploitation but they feel that their standard of living compensates for this. So they may therefore actively choose to go to work despite this knowledge. They have also been criticized for economic reductionism i.e. reducing behaviour to class relationships. They may neglect the fact that social behaviour can also be influenced by religious, patriarchal, nationalism and ethnic structures.Interactionalists focus upon the way in which individuals (or social actors as Interactionists like to call them) consciously act rather than simply react to social stimulation. The way in which varied social actors interpret the behaviour of others is significant as a means of understanding the way in which the world is socially constructed. This social construction of the world is foc used upon the meanings people give to behaviour and the way in which they interpret the meaning of behaviour.Mead argued that whilst we are each conscious, thinking, individuals, the way in which we choose to behave is conditioned by the social context of that behaviour. In this, he said that our behaviour as individuals is conditioned by two looks of our self-awareness (that is, the ability to see ourselves as others see us). A) The I aspect which largely consists of spontaneous actions and B) The Me aspect which consists of an awarenessof how other people expect us to behave at any given moment.The I and the Me are parallel parts of what Mead called The Self and it is the ability of human beings to develop a self-concept that makes us several(predicate) to most animals. In animals, for example, the I is dominant (to the approximately total exclusion of the Me in most animals). This means, in effect, that most animal behaviour is instinct-based rather than socially-constructed. In humans, on the other hand, the reverse is true. The Me is dominant to the almost total exclusion of the I. This means, in effect, that most human behaviour is socially-constructed rather than instinct-based.